The polished prose of Emma and Persuasion was the product of an interventionist editor, an Oxford University academic has found.

Funded by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Professor Kathryn Sutherland of the Faculty of English Language and Literature at Oxford University made the discovery while undertaking a three year study of a collection of 1,100 original handwritten pages of Austen’s unpublished writings for the Jane Austen’s Fiction Manuscripts Digital Edition.

The project, led by Professor Sutherland in collaboration with the Bodleian Libraries, King’s College London, and the British Library, has reunited in a free-to-access online archive all of Jane Austen’s handwritten fiction manuscripts for the very first time since 1845 when they were scattered by the terms of her sister Cassandra’s will.
Professor Sutherland says: ‘It’s widely assumed that Austen was a perfect stylist – her brother Henry famously said in 1818 that “Everything came finished from her pen” and commentators continue to share this view today. 

‘The reputation of no other English novelist rests so firmly on this issue of style, on the poise and emphasis of sentence and phrase, captured in precisely weighed punctuation. 
‘But in reading the manuscripts it quickly becomes clear that this delicate precision is missing.’

‘Austen’s unpublished manuscripts unpick her reputation for perfection in various ways: we see blots, crossings out, messiness; we see creation as it happens; and in Austen’s case, we discover a powerful counter-grammatical way of writing.

‘She broke most of the rules for writing good English. In particular, the high degree of polished punctuation and epigrammatic style we see in Emma and Persuasion is simply not there.
Professor Sutherland adds: ‘This suggests somebody else was heavily involved in the editing process between manuscript and printed book; and letters between Austen’s publisher John Murray II and his talent scout and editor William Gifford, acknowledging the untidiness of Austen’s style and how Gifford will correct it, seem to identify Gifford as the culprit.’
John Murray II, who was also Byron’s publisher, was Austen’s publisher for the last two years of her seven year publishing career, overseeing Emma, the second edition of Mansfield Park and Persuasion.

Professor Sutherland explains: ‘Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and the first edition of Mansfield Park were not published by Murray and have previously been seen by some critics as examples of poor printing – in fact, the style in these novels is much closer to Austen’s manuscript hand!’

Studying Jane Austen’s unpublished manuscripts side-by-side for the first time also gave Professor Sutherland a more intimate appreciation of Austen’s talents.
‘The manuscripts reveal Austen to be an experimental and innovative writer, constantly trying new things, and show her to be even better at writing dialogue and conversation than the edited style of her published novels suggest,’ she says. 

‘She is above all a novelist whose significant effects are achieved in the exchanges of conversation and the dramatic presentation of character through speech. The manuscripts are unparagraphed, letting the different voices crowd each other; underlinings and apparently random use of capital letters give lots of directions as to how words or phrases should be voiced.’

‘Austen was also a great satirist.  This thread in her writing is apparent in the sharp and anarchic spoofs of the teenage manuscripts and still there in the freakish prose of the novel she left unfinished when she died.  The manuscript evidence offers a different face for Jane Austen, one smoothed out in the famous printed novels.’

Professor Sutherland said: ‘Being able to view Austen’s original manuscripts also reveals fascinating details about the mechanics and quirks of her handwriting. 
Her famous description of her way of working – “the little bit (two Inches wide) of Ivory on which I work with so fine a brush, as produces little effect after much labour” is borne out by the tiny homemade booklets into which she wrote – her style is obsessively economical, in her formation of carets from recycled elements of other letters, and her layered punctuation (the merging of a caret with the down stroke of a ‘p’ and a semi-colon with an exclamation mark), and her near compulsive use of the dash to maintain a material connection between her thoughts and the paper.’

The Jane Austen Digital Edition makes available online Austen’s unpublished fiction manuscripts, from her childhood stories to writings from her deathbed, for scholars and interested members of the public to view for free.

The project was run in collaboration with King’s College London, the Bodleian Library, the British Library and other libraries and private collectors around the world.

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Notes to Editors
* The archive can be viewed at www.janeausten.ac.uk
* For more information, visit the websites of the collaborating institutions:
www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk
www.english.ox.ac.uk
www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/humanities/depts/cch
www.bl.uk
www.ahrc.ac.uk/News/Latest/Pages/JaneAustenmanuscripts.aspx

Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC): Each year the AHRC provides approximately £112 million from the Government to support research and postgraduate study in the arts and humanities, from languages and law, archaeology and English literature to design and creative and performing arts. In any one year, the AHRC makes approximately 700 research awards and around 1,350 postgraduate awards. Awards are made after a rigorous peer review process, to ensure that only applications of the highest quality are funded. The quality and range of research supported by this investment of public funds not only provides social and cultural benefits but also contributes to the economic success of the UK. www.ahrc.ac.uk